Fig 2: Inhibitory effects of MC1568 on HDAC IIa members. Representative images of immunohistochemical (IHC) of HDAC IIa members including HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC7, and HDAC9 in control and ADR-injected mice treated with or without MC1568. Scale bar, 100 µm.

Fig 3: AMPK regulates the expression of HK2, and metabolism requires the involvement of HDAC4 and HDAC5. A, B, Relative mRNA and protein expression levels of AMPK and HK2 in response to scriptaid, *P < .05, **P < .01, NS, P > .05 vs the indicated group, n = 3. C, RT-PCR analysis of HDACs at mRNA level in A549 cells with siAMPK and AMPK overexpression treatments, *P < .05, **P < .01 vs the vector group, n = 3. D, Western blot determination of HDAC1, HDAC4 and HDAC5 in A549 cells with siAMPK and AMPK overexpression treatments, n = 3. E, F, Relative mRNA and protein expression levels of HK2 in response to siHDAC4 and siHDAC5, *P < .05, **P < .01 vs the vector group, n = 3. G-I, Relative glycolysis rates, migration, invasion in response to siHDAC4 and siHDAC5 in A549 cells with sgAMPK treatment, *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001 vs the respective vector group, n = 3

Fig 4: Modification of histone acetylation in the heart of TAC mice. (A) Protein expression levels of HDAC5. (B) Acetylation levels of histone H3K27ac. Expression levels (C) ANP and (D) BNP. *P<0.05 vs. Sham; #P<0.05 vs. 4 W; ▲P<0.05 vs. 8 W. n=6/group. TAC, transverse aortic constriction; HDAC5, histone deacetylase 5; H3K27ac, histone acetylated lysine 27 on histone H3; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; W, weeks.

Fig 5: HDAC7 expression is significantly upregulated by WNT5A overexpression and HDAC7 overexpression facilitates ESCC metastasis in vitro and in vivo.A Representative western blots showing the levels of HDAC7, HDAC4, HDAC5, and HDAC9 in WNT5A-overexpressing cells. B Western blots showing HDAC7 levels in various ESCC cells. C Representative western blots showing FLAG-HDAC7, HDAC7, SNAIL, E-cadherin, SLUG, TWIST1, and vimentin levels in HDAC7-overexpressing or HDAC7 knockdown ESCC cells. D, E Representative images and statistical analysis of wound healing assays and Transwell migration/invasion assays using HDAC7 OE and shHDAC7 ESCC cells. The migratory ability in wound healing assays was expressed as the mean scratch area. The initial scratch area (0 h) was set to 100%. F Representative fluorescence images of nude mice 7 weeks after the tail vein injection. G Representative images of HE staining of lung samples and statistical analysis of the metastatic nodules per lung (n = 5 per group). Scale bars, 1 mm and 100 µm (inset). ß-actin was used as an internal control. *P < 0.05 compared with the NC group. LV lentivirus, L left, R right.